Autism – General Overview of Autism

General Overview of Autism What is Autism? Autism is defined as a disorder of early development that causes severe problems in thinking, communicating with others, and feeling a part of the outside world (Autism 2009). A person diagnosed with autism has a brain abnormality that affects normal brain function (Nordquist 2009). Most diagnoses of autism are usually never the same, even though, the symptoms are generally similar. Autism must not be confused with childhood schizophrenia or mental retardation, though the actions of children with these circumstances are sometimes related to that of autistic children (Autism 2009).Autism prevents children from developing normal social relationships, even with their parents (Autism 2009). Infants and Autism Autism is generally not diagnosed until two or three years old, but there is an extremely controversial argument on whether or not it could be diagnosed in infants. According to Canadian researchers, they could already see signs and symptom s of autism in infants at approximately six months old (Boyles 2005). The researchers believe that the infant is already predisposed with abnormal brain development inside their mother’s womb.The infants that Canadian researchers experimented were only limited to families that already had an older child born with autism (Boyles 2005). According to research conducted in an article of Developmental Psychology, it is not possible to diagnose and infant with autism (Charman et al. ,1997). The researchers conducted a study on thirty eight boys, separated into three different groups: Autism Risk Group, Developmental Delay Group, and Normal Group. The studies were based upon four different criteria: Empathy, Pretend Play, Joint Attention, and Imitation (Charman et al. 1997). Based on their results, it was not evident t to say whether or not a child could be diagnosed with Autism. This based upon the findings that children in the autism group and children in the developmental delay g roup were indistinguishable and the scorings were far too similar (Charman et al. , 1997) In another study conducted by Dalery et al. , they compared young children and infants who were clinically diagnosed with autism or developmental delay (DD).The researchers were trying to differentiate whether the existence of symptoms of autism making it possible to be a different developmental disorder and whether or not the symptoms increase with age (Dalery et al. 2006). In the results from children under 26 months, the findings were insignificant and eerily similar to the experiment conducted by Chairman et al. They were unable to determine if the clear signs of developmental delay or autism were definite (Dalery et al. 2006). Symptoms of Autism Children diagnosed with Autism act differently from one another and no two autistic children have the same symptoms or act the same (CDC 2007).Children with Autism have severe impairments with social, emotional, and communication skills. Some have difficulty accomplishing everyday tasks and have to maintain a consistent day to day routine (CDC 2007). A symptom of autism that affects many autistic children is they have an intricate time holding a conversation. Thus, they tend to have a hard time making friends because of this impairment (CDC 2007). Another symptom of autism is repetitive behavior. This causes a stimulating effect on the child (CDC 2007). For example, a child may consistently rock back and forth, or flip the pages of a book over and over again.Autistic children have a difficult time managing in an everyday life. Once a child is diagnosed with autism, (usually between the ages of 2-4), it stays with them for the remainder of their lives (CDC 2007). With the various symptoms of autism, repetitive behavior seems to be the most consistent symptom that is distinguishable in almost all autistic patients (Gray et al. 1995). To determine whether or not this is true, research was conducted in Australia. The researchers wanted to determine if repetitive behavior was a distinguishable sign of autism in children less than 51 months.Since there are many different types of repetitive behavior, the different types were classified into two categories: higher and lower levels of repetitive behavior (Gray et al. 1995). According to Gray et al. , higher level repetitive behavior is highly consistent with autistic children under the age of 51 months. Low level repetitive behavior was not a direct diagnosis with autism. A significant number of children with other developmental delay disorders often demonstrated aspects of lower level repetitive behavior (Gray et al. 1995). Autism and Public SchoolingWhen a parents makes the decision to enroll their autistic child into public school, it is often a difficult decision. Sometimes the decision is made because the parent does not have the means to send their child to a school specialized for autistic children. Other times it is because many autistic designed school s only accept unique or extreme cases and their child do not meet the requirements (Rudy 2009). Even though a public school is required to give adequate education to a child with a learning disability, how does the parent know what is adequate to the teacher (Rudy 2009)?A positive aspect of public schools is that children with autism can interact with normal developing peers. Researchers argue that this type of interaction may â€Å"provide opportunities for building relationships and developing social and communicative behaviors, in response both to the demands made by mainstream peers and the modeling their behavior provides (Whitaker 2004). † In a study conducted by Whitaker, the mainstream peers developed a routine with the autistic children. The mainstream peers seemed to understand and learn the routines of the autistic peer.Whether or not the autistic child received any awareness or pleasure from this type of interaction was harder to detect, even though they appeared to be enjoying themselves (Whitaker 2004). Parents of Children with Autism It is devastating for a parent to learn that their child has a severe health problem or developmental disability (Parenting a Child with Autism 2007). The first question that arises is, â€Å"How can we cure it? †, but autism is not â€Å"curable†. In the beginning, parents often find some kind of support to help them cope with the discovery or having an autistic child.They also need to educate themselves as much as possible and decide what is best for the child (Parenting a Child with Autism 2007). D. E. Gray conducts a study to see how parents of autistic children cope with their child’s illness over time. Between 1988 and 1990, he begins his study and the sample included 28 parents of autistic children. In the beginning, parents used 51 different methods to cope with the discovery of their child’s illness. D. E. Gray followed-up with these parents 8-12 years later and the method s parents used decreased dramatically to 27.Parents learned to cope with their child’s autism throughout time. Maybe this was due to the fact that the child had become less disruptive and was more orderly in their habits (D. E. Gray 2006). It also may have been due to the fact that their children were enrolled in special schools (only one was enrolled in public schools). In the beginning, parents still had to adapt to the changes in their environment and with their child. As their emotional distress decreased, so did their need for emotional support (D. E. Gray 2006). ConclusionWhile the causes of autism remain a great mystery, one fact is certain: Autism affects every area of learning throughout the child‘s life. Until research on autism provides more information about how autism affects the human brain, children and their parents who are affected will be unable to understand and fully deal with this disability. It is only with more information that we will learn the b est approach to teach autistic children and tackle this disability head on.

James Bond: Standing the Test of Time Essay

My fellow film enthusiasts, just like the contemporary version of this iconic drink, the core formula of any Bond film can be seen as a ‘shaken not stirred’ concoction of girls, guns, gadgets and villains all revolving around the essential main character, James Bond. Like the classic martini it is this formula which has been, when necessary, enhanced and refined to represent changing societal values, attitudes and beliefs from 1962 to present. This ability to sustain the longevity of the franchise by appealing to contemporary audiences is why Bond can be seen to stand the test of time. The evolution of films throughout the franchise can best be illustrated when examining two Bond movies which are more than four decades apart; Sean Connery’s 1964 Goldfinger, and Daniel Craig’s 2006 Casino Royale. These films specifically highlight two main elements of the Bond formula; the character portrayal of James Bond and the depiction of women in society and how they have evolved to suit the taste buds of the particular time. The most obvious, yet fundamentally important aspect of the Bond franchise is the construction of 007 himself, James Bond. The construction of Bond is a complex fabric, sewn with puns and audaciously graceful remarks, then taken and intricately fused with his uncompromising skills as an ‘MI6 assassin’. These traits portray him as a hero who provides a level of escapism, while still being implicitly understood by contemporary audiences. In Goldfinger, Connery’s handsome, resourceful and collected Bond flagrantly dismisses women when he has to attend to ‘man talk’. He must also ironically resort to physically restraining himself from indulging in any sexual temptations. This era of film strongly appealed to viewers who were looking for a respite from the pseudo-American toughness which was obligatory to male protagonist films of the 1960s, characterised by such movies as Clint Eastwood’s Dirty Harry and Paul Newman’s Cool Hand Luke. We again see Bond’s tongue-in-cheek humour when he retorts â€Å"I must be dreaming† after being introduced to Goldfinger’s personal pilot Pussy Galore. This inability to refrain from speaking a man’s ‘inner monologue’ and his failure to accept Galore is unaffected by his charm, is characteristic of a man who is a product of a pre-feminist society. Bond is a man who audiences are willing to accept can engage the problems of the world, can seduce any woman along the way, and win. Turn the clock forward to Casino Royale in 2006 and we find the birth of a new sophisticated, masculine yet emotionally vulnerable Bond. Craig transforms Bond into a man who has lost none of the wit, pithy comebacks or refined repertoire found in the Connery Bond. He is however no longer the emotionally detached killer depicted in Goldfinger. By 2006 he is a man who wears the burdens of his actions. Bond is repeatedly subjected to the strict, almost dictatorial command of females such as M.  Threatened to have his status of ‘00’ revoked and plainly exposed by M, where she states â€Å"utter one more syllable I’ll have you killed† Bond is displayed as almost a ‘liability’ to the British secret service. He is portrayed as a man who is driven to play by his own rules, yet still cautiously walks the line of bureaucracy; arguably a modern day J. Edgar Hoover. Upon meeting Vesper Lynd, the leading Bond girl of the film, Bond immediately engages her in hyper-critical verbal parry where each person attempts to uncover emotional experiences from the other’s past. Their critical conversation reaches its climax when Bond replies â€Å"you’re not my type† to which Vespa retorts â€Å"smart† â€Å"single†¦Ã¢â‚¬  illustrating Bond is able to finish a conversation with no sexual resolve, depicting a man who is more interested in a mental challenge rather than a sexual resolution. A man who now could arguably live up to the elevated social expectations of women such as Germaine Greer. This new Bond reflects the changes in societal attitudes when men are expected to be in touch with their inner selfs and their emotions, a trait which is mirrored in other contemporary films such as Bruce Willis’s Die Hard 4. . Although glamorous women are an essential part of the core formula, their portrayal has evolved over time in accordance with changing societal attitudes and beliefs displayed by contemporary audiences. Connery’s Bond in Goldfinger would be viewed today as nothing more than a misogynistic dinosaur who uses and objectifies women for no greater purpose than sexual pleasure. This is deliberately obvious within the first scene of Goldfinger where Bond seduces, and then uses a woman as a human shield whilst defending himself against his enemies; portraying her life as having less value and being more dispensable than his. This objectification of women is again depicted by Goldfinger’s inauspiciously named pilot and commander of his female aerial squadron, blonde bombshell and judo expert Pussy Galore. She is a female who could be depicted more accurately as a coordinator of a burlesque troop rather than covert military operatives. Galore is blatantly explicit with Bond when she states â€Å"you can turn off your charm, I’m immune. † Bond takes this sexual fend as a challenge rather than a rejection, as he continues to force himself upon her, highlighted by their fight and subsequent sexual interaction. If this encounter was to be emulated in a modern film, today’s society would view this as unacceptable conduct, both verbally and physically, as it is blatantly offensive towards women’s rights. Whatever happened to no means no? This segment of Goldfinger however would have appealed to the contemporary era of a 1960s audience, as behaviour such as this was viewed as politically and socially correct, however not necessarily accepted, at that time. This objectification and stereotyping of women has been challenged in social and feminist movements from the late 1960s through to the present day. Speakers such as Naomi Wolf and Susan Faludi have inspired and enlightened women to demand equal rights and illustrated how they have previously been socially and physically dominated by men. Women are now well educated, self sufficient, authoritative and independent; exemplified by M’s statement in Casino Royale, â€Å"I report to the Prime Minister and even he’s smart enough not to ask me what we do. Have you ever seen such a bunch of self-righteous, ass-covering pricks? † This obliterates the ideals that women need to be chaperoned by men in order to make executive decisions. This new image of capable and headstrong women, symbolised by M and Vepser Lynd, is the defining statement from a post-feminist society. Portrayed not as a ‘disposable’ Bond girl, Vesper can be seen to reach a level of emotional attachment to Bond whereby she exposes a mutual vulnerability previously not depicted in earlier films. It is this human connection that a contemporary educated audience now expects. This mix of powerful yet emotionally susceptible women is also clearly paralleled in other contemporary movies such as the women of Sex and the City. The adaptation, modification and the overall evolution of the James Bond franchise has always been in pursuit of the same goal; depicting a current, contemporary and desirable Bond for a modern audience. Just like the classic martini it is this core formula which has been enhanced and refined from 1962 to present. This ability to sustain the longevity of the franchise by appealing to the tastes of contemporary audiences is why Bond, the man of all the right words, the man with the ‘golden gun’ will continue to inspire and captivate audiences until the end of time.

Asian Blepharoplasty As A Type Of Body Modification Essay

Asian Blepharoplasty As A Type Of Body Modification - Essay Example What stands out from all these procedures is the fact that body features of Whites continue to prevail among the Asian culture and to the Asians, attaining such an ideal look is worth any cost. They feel that the Western look is more appealing compared to their own looks. These procedures from the brief, fair kind ones to the most dangerous, are dynamically provoked by the fashion industry or simply wanting to look good (Joo, 2012). Many advertisements in the Asian media relate individual and professional success to people with Western and Caucasian features and clear messages that in order to achieve significant things in life, then one has to follow the Western way of life, which involves looking like them (Nguyen et al., 2009). The Western way of life demands one to have a beautiful, appealing body from head to toe. During these efforts, Asians risk affecting their well-being and financial security due to the high expenses involved in these surgeries (Chen, 2001). This risky trend should be halted, but it will not happen if Asians continue to endorse Western fashion in their own fashion industry. This research will discuss the factors that cause Asians to feel pressured to endorse Western beauty by focusing mainly on Asian Blepharoplasty. It will also discuss tough issues brought up by these societal influences and propose the resolution to this social problem. As Epstein and Joo (2013) confirm, modification of the human body has been there for as long as humans have willed themselves in order to fulfill the established modes that they feel satisfy societal standards. These modifications have been practiced in many ways and for different reasons. Historical evidence reveals that red dye removed from hematite was applied to the body with the aim of decorating it. After this, archaeological evidence confirms that over 10,000 years ago, animal bones, teeth, and colorful stones were considered as human adornments (Chen, 2001).

Leadership and Team Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership and Team - Assignment Example She even scores high in conscientiousness because she is efficient and well organized as the case informs that she is the first to be at the meeting and she takes the initiative of setting the entire meeting room. She even scores high in extraversion as she is quite energetic in nature, for example: she has already obtained the acceptance from her finance team for the project. She also scores high in agreeableness as she is quite friendly with others such as Laura as she listens to Laura’s family issues and even inquires about those issues. 2. There are two kinds of self monitors, one are those who are regarded as high self monitors and others are regarded as self monitors. Those who are high self monitors keep an eye on the social setting they are situated in and after analyzing the social setting, they alter themselves to fit in the social setting. Laura has a low self monitoring tendency as she does not really care about the setting she is in and she exhibits what she reall y is. For example: In a business meeting she starts talking about the health condition of her child and the issues she is facing at home with Alan. Secondly, she is ready to pour in ideas without being concerned whether those ideas will fit the situation or not. She does not care about the feedback of others and is ready to jump in any conversation as a person who has lower level of self monitoring does. 3. The group is in the storming stage of the group development stages. In this stage, different members have conflict with each other (Jacobs 38). For example: there is a conflict between Amanda and Alan within the case. Although Alan has already gained the green light from her finance team on the project, Amanda still wants her finance team to analyze the project and wants to obtain a green light from them. Secondly, there is struggle for power clearly evident in the case as both Amanda and Alan are trying to lead the team and even the roles of different team members are not clear as Laura inquires whether Alan is the leader of the team. Alan is even fighting for power as she states that even though officially she has not been made the leader, but since her team came up with the project, so she is the leader. 4. The group is not going to experience and at the moment it is not experiencing the issue of group think as the case states that even though Alan had gained acceptability from her finance team, Amanda still wants to confirm from her finance team. But certain incidences of group thinking have taken place, for example: acceptance of Laura’s suggestion for the song that will be played with the television commercial. The group is surely going to face the issue of social loafing as the size of the group is quite huge and except Amanda, Laura and Alan, other group members have failed to contribute much. In order to save the group from facing the threat of social loafing the group leader has to create an environment where all team members can contribute and by obtaining suggestions regarding the project form every team member. 5. The organizational structure is a very healthy one as it is a bottom up structure where those who are in the lower sections of the organization are taken into consideration while decisions are made. This is witness able from the fact that Alan came up with the project which was then approved by the top level management and even Alan got a heads up from its finance department. This shows that the top level management is dependent on the lower level management for decision making. This kind of structure can be proved to be very fruitful for the organization as the lower

Practical Privacy Problem Solving Research Paper

Practical Privacy Problem Solving - Research Paper Example At the current economic scenario, information plays a vital role and organizations use this information in deep linking as a tool for promotional activity. It provides information of all kinds through deep links which are important and this often includes unwanted information too. Looking from the point of view of a consumer, the deep linking has positive as well as negative impact. The positive side of it is that it provides information and from the negative perspective, it often includes unnecessarily information upon which consumers are not interested. Many organizations use deep links and as a result there are lot of information and data which creates a block for the consumers. There should be certain guidelines for the use of the strategy of deep linking and also for protecting the consumers’ interest. Various laws have been established regarding the ethical issues in the usage of deep linking strategy. In the segment of e-marketing, the value and practice of professionals lies in the process of deep linking. Each individual in e-marketing has to adhere to professional codes and at the same time also contribute to them. From the ethical point of view of a consumer the conflict arises and due to this, the governments across the world have initiated regulations for online conduct. Most of the organizations in the world are in favor that the internet should be left to the free operation of the market. But consumers do not feel so due to their privacy interference which rises to ethical issues and therefore the conflict has been on the ever increasing spree. The regulations states that prior to the consent, the recipient of the e-mail has formerly notified the sender (organizations) that he/she consented at the commencement of the correspondence for receiving such e-mail for direct marketing intention (Email Marketing Solutions UK,

Reading response 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading response 3 - Assignment Example Skinner links human’s usage of words with external events like a person will always use appreciative words on seeing a beautiful picture. However, Chomsky has heavily criticized Skinner’s explanation of language since how a person will react to an event depends on the person’s perspective. For instance, a picture which seems beautiful to someone may seem hideous to another person. Chomsky has mostly rejected Skinner’s work by arguing that the latter’s experiments on animals are not relevant to the concept of language (Aitchison, 2011, pp.7-23). The eighth chapter is based on Chomsky’s views on transformational grammar. For an alien to learn the language of humans at first it may seem that the easy way is to memorize all sentences that one may hear. However, this is a completely disastrous method of learning language since in this method one is not trying to understand any patterns in the words within a sentence. In any given situation, uttering sentences with words without understanding the meaning will solve no problem. Moreover, a sentence can be too long for memorizing. The important thing is to focus on the rule in which a speaker utters words in a sentence since a language is structured with words. Chomsky has talked about transformations which links the hidden structure and the surface structure of sentences. He has also stated that there is no concrete set of rules to decide which sentences are permissible in English (Aitchison, 2011, pp.170-186). The tenth chapter deals with how human beings deal with sound in general and provides a framework of speech perception. Earlier, psycholinguists believed that to understand language one just needs to link words with sounds uttered by the speaker. However, this fingerprint approach has been rejected by modern psycholinguists for three reasons. Firstly, the speed with which a speaker utters words cannot be possible for the listener to

My Life Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

My Life Philosophy - Assignment Example Having experienced Western culture to a great extent my life philosophy had begun to take on such a tenor. It wasn’t until my visit to Iran that I became more in touch with my religious background. My mother was trying to be religious, so one of the essential stops on the trip was at the JÄ meh Mosque of IsfahÄ n. The people have a routine to visit the mosque every Friday, which is why they call the mosques in Iran Friday mosques. The spiritual feeling inside the mosque, the architecture that helps you feel comfortable spending many hours with a huge amount of people, all praying at the same time, made this the best part of the trip, and a changing point in my life philosophy. I remember walking throughout open area and viewing the iwan walls and thinking about the thousands of peoples who have walked in these very same areas and thought similar things. The meaning for me was to make me feel very small and insignificant when compared with the entire progress of history and time. The mosque led me to consider the nature of my own life and realize that while my problems seem large on the grand scale of humanity they are actually quite small. For me, the mosque emanated this holy feeling more so than a western church, as the entire Iranian population and indeed the city seemed to center around the structure. Since my visit to this mosque, I have been a devout follower of the Muslim faith. I believe that there is only one God, Allah and that Muhammad is his messenger. I have a belief in the afterlife that is preordained by Allah. I also believe in the Five Pillars of faith and make my best effort to adhere to their tenants in my daily life. Among these include the Salah or ritual prayer. This ritual is an essential part of my life philosophy as it constantly reminds me that my ultimate purpose in existence is my relation with Allah.  

500 word essay symbolism in the short story the glass menagerie

500 word symbolism in the short story the glass menagerie - Essay Example One of the first symbols encountered by the reader is the fire escape. The fire escape represents both a literal and symbolic way to leave the house. It also represents a major them in the story – the need to escape. Williams describes the Wingfield house and makes note of the fire escape. He explains â€Å"huge buildings are always burning with the slow and implacable fires of human desperation† (scene i). Certainly this is true of the Wingfield family. Tom wishes to escape from his boring job and current lifestyle because â€Å"Man is by instinct a lover, a hunter, a fighter, and none of those instincts are given much play at the warehouse!† (scene ii). He does succeed, occasionally, in finding comfort in movies, drinking, and magic shows. The fire escape represents his ultimate path to his freedom. His regular trips onto the fire escape to smoke foreshadows the permanent abandonment of his family. In the final speech of the story, Tom states â€Å"I descended the steps of this fire escape for a last time and followed, from then on, in my father’s footsteps, attempting to find in motion what was lost in space† (scene vii). Laura wishes to escape too. However, she seeks refuge not in the real world but within the house and a reality all her own. The fire escape protects her from the outside world. She wishes to isolate herself from the world where her deformity is laughed at and her shy spirit is crushed. Even when she ventures out on to the fire escape she slips representing another failed attempt at entering the real world (scene iv). is a symbol of the affection that Laura seeks and the cruelty that world offers her. Blue roses are both unusual and mysterious which reflects Lauras personality. The nick name while seemingly affectionate was actually a play on the term â€Å"pleurosis† which Laura suffered from in her childhood. Additional, the use of the name Rose pays

Argo Case Study Leadership Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Argo Case Study Leadership Analysis - Essay Example In addition, they have noted some areas that are certainly in need of improvement. This report addresses each. 1. Part A - Leadership Criteria: From the case study of ARGO, select ONE sub criteria from the Leadership section and assess it using the RADAR methodology and EFQM requirements of the Leadership criteria. 1.1 Two Strength areas (things ARGO did well as related to applying the requirements stipulated in the criteria or the RADAR) Let us consider section 1 d of the leadership portion of the case study. This section details that ARGO leaders are to reinforce a culture of excellence with the organization’s people. As of recent assessment, it was felt that the manager were not living up to this part of the vision, partly because they themselves felt cut off from the corporate culture of ARGO. This was understandable, but certainly an area that could be improved upon. One strength area that was implemented rested in the CEO of the company taking two days in February to hos t a retreat style event over two days. This event provided the entire company a chance to connect with its various leaders and to be reminded of the corporate vision of ARGO. The nature of the work that the company is quite stressful, and given the remote location of many of the job sites, disconnect can often set it. These events provide an opportunity not only for the CEO to share what has been happening in the company, but also to hear from various managers about aspects of the business that need improving. In this sense, the company has done well an deploying a system of enablers, under the RADAR logic of the EFQM model. Rather than simply sending out corporate memos that dictated company policies on a continent wide scale, the company has enabled its respective managers to carry out leadership functions based on their own unique situations, as long as they within the company vision. By meeting together once a year, in a strategic environment, the company is further enabling an atmosphere of teamwork and congeniality to be developed that should serve to enhance the quality of relationships experienced by all employees. A second strength exhibited in this area involves the change to have all managers leave their enclosed office and work out amongst their staff in an open plan layout. This puts the focus on the employees. It makes them feel that they are valued and important. In addition, it allows the manager to have a better grasp of the overall work culture in the office. You see, when a manager remains in a closed office, or even one with a strong open door policy, they cannot possibly pick up on the attitudes and feelings of their staff. They do not know the struggles that are potentially being encountered by the team, nor do they really know what is going well. By sitting amongst the staff, problems can often times be headed off before they emerge into serious situations. This also enables the managers at ARGO to truly reinforce a culture of excellence that is being talked about in this leadership section. When sitting in a closed office, the staff are not really able to see what the manager is doing. If things are not going well within the organization, the manager will be the one initially to blame because the staff will no see that they are truly performing their duties in line with the culture and vision of the company. This has been express before on EFQM self-assessments where the employees do not always believe

1964 Tokyo Olympics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1964 Tokyo Olympics - Essay Example Symbolizing a reacceptance to the global community and the end of a lengthy, depressing period for many Japanese, the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics was a moment to recognize and commemorate the progress and reemergence of Japan. This Japan was new and different from what it used to be in the eyes of the world; it was no longer a wartime foe, but a peaceful country that terrorized no one. In a surprisingly short time, the transition from distraught enemy to rebuilt friend was achieved in less than 2 decades. Japan had previously joined the United Nations and several other international organizations, but nothing matches the vision and splendor of an Olympics. The whole world would be coming to Japan, and those that could not come would be watching live and in color for the first time. It was also the first Olympiad to be hosted in a non-white, non-Western country, a point of pride for both Japan and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The Japanese also made a decision to prove the world that they had restructured and were now a peace-loving people. The Olympics, which claim to be apolitical and about individuals coming together in nonviolent competition, were perfect for displaying this new identity based on Japan's constitution that renounced war as a tool of the state and its status as the only country to suffer from an atomic bombing. Certainly, selective amnesia was necessary that either forgot the war or centered on domestic torment during the war rather than the suffering Japanese caused across Asia and the Pacific during the 17 years of war. This was most obviously witnessed at the various art and cultural exhibits that cautiously eliminated all images and arts related to the Empire. As the Japanese government was basically prohibited the use of the military or its traditions, the Olympics were also a harmless way to promote patriotism and nationalism.

Cougar or Coyote Essay Example for Free

Cougar or Coyote Essay The trickster is an important archetype in any religion or myth because it provides an outlet for all of the chaotic and destructive emotions and tendencies of a people that are controlled by a larger social construct. It is through a trickster figure that people of a religion or society are able to explore the more untamed side of their nature while additionally presenting them with the consequences of those desires. The trickster is a figure that at once both mocks social morals and at the same time also reinforces those morals by showing the pandemonium and trouble that arises if the people do not follow the rules that are in place. The trickster also allows the people of a religion to express ideas and desires that might not ordinarily be acceptable in their society. In this way the trickster plays a very important and cathartic role in a religion or myth. Penelope, from Homers The Odyssey, is a woman of grit and spirit. Ellen Shull declares in her essay â€Å"Valuing Multiple Critical Approaches: Penelope, Again and Again† that Penelope is â€Å"the paragon of resilient womanhood† (32). However, a trickster god, like Monkey from Wu Cheng-ens novel Monkey, and a mortal woman like Penelope appear to have nothing in common. Their roles are so different and their apparent purposes are even more so. On the surface it may seem as though Penelope from The Odyssey shares very little resemblance with a trickster god. However, when one takes a closer look the similarities become more obvious. Penelope is at once a powerful figure that adheres to the social norms of her patriarchal society while still rebelliously challenging the acknowledged rules of how a woman should behave. This can be seen as how a trickster like Monkey is used in myth to subvert a society’s own beliefs. Penelope is the other side of the coin of what it means to be a trickster. She is the female version as it were. Penelope may not be male, amoral, animal, or supernatural but she is cunning, childish, inventive, and she also a subversive figure within her patriarchal society. The most obvious source of incompatibility of Penelope being a trickster is that she is female while the trickster is usually a male like Monkey. Now, unless Penelope was even more deceitful than anyone had ever imagined then it is safe to say that she is not a trickster god based on that one quality alone. Leeming states that the trickster is always male† (163). Obviously, Penelope is not male which means that she is, according to Leeming, not a trickster god, no exceptions. But if Leeming were to make an exception then Penelope would be one. Penelope is a woman who must work against all the restrictions and suffocating bounds that her society uses to leash women in order to trick the people surrounding her and she does. â€Å"She deceives the suitors and even her own husband† (Mueller, 337). Penelope even has long lasting deceptions that fool people for years. The sexual organs Penelope was born with seem to be of little importance when compared to the massive opposing powers and influences that she if forced to undermine and battle against. The next point of disparity between Penelope and a trickster figure like Monkey is that the trickster is seen as a philandering, unprincipled, hooligan. The trickster is considered to be an ethically neutral figure with a propensity for getting into humorous predicaments. Leeming calls the trickster â€Å"amoral†¦outrageous†¦ [and is] untamed by the larger social conscience). Monkey is a perfect example of this side of a trickster. Monkey is not exactly immoral he just has his own sense of what the right thing to do is and he is overwhelmingly selfish. Every action and quest he takes at the beginning of his story is motivated by his desire to be immortal and to gain power. Even when Monkey protects his other monkey subjects he does so because he wants to maintain his kingship more than out of a fear for their safety and wellbeing. One could even posit that the monkeys would be better off without him because he brings the wrath of heaven down upon them. Monkey has all these qualities that Leeming states a trickster is comprised of. Penelope, on the other hand, is none of these things. In fact, she is usually remembered for her faithfulness to her husband even though he was gone for twenty years. Penelope â€Å"waits in Ithaca for Odysseus. She looks after his home, his son and his estate. She weeps lonely tears but nothing induces her to betray her husband and to neglect her duties, not even under pressure from the suitors does she contemplate infidelity† (Smit, 393-394). Her unwavering loyalty to her husband and her devotion to the gods are not the sort of characteristics seen in the trickster who typically represents lower or baser instincts and functions. Penelope is a classy lady but again she also has that side to her that rebels at the rules of her culture. Some might even call her a vain tease for keeping her suitors around for so long while never picking one or giving in to their masculine power. Penelope, also, does not fit in the trickster category because she is only human while a trickster is usually an animal. Leeming states that a trickster â€Å"takes animal form† (163). Monkey obviously fits into this category. Not only is he a monkey but he has mystical origins. He was born from a stone. In fact Monkey’s animal form is a point of ire for him because he in Monkey he tries become more and more human-like. He starts wearing clothes and stands upright in an attempt to appear more human. This fight between animal and human characteristics is vital in a trickster figure because that animal quality is in part what allows them to get away with their mischief. Penelope is no dog. Or any animal for that matter. She is in fact a very desirable woman with scores of suitors fighting for her hand in marriage. This does not help her in the trickster category but it does, however, show how her beauty and desirability are in part what allow her to get away with her schemes. Her beauty can even be seen as her animal side because it basically serves the same function that the animal form serves the trickster. An animal form, or in the case of Penelope, her beauty, is a metaphor of who they are and it allows them to be more completely that character and it allows them to do things that would not ordinarily be acceptable within that society. Penelope’s beauty is what allows her to subvert her patriarchal culture because her beauty gives her power over her suitors. She is a woman but she uses that to her advantage. It could also been seen that being a woman in the time of The Odyssey was akin to being an animal because it was such a male dominant culture where woman were little more than chattel or bargaining pieces. Maybe Penelope has more trickster qualities than are first apparent. The last way that Penelope does not fit into the trickster category is that she has no supernatural powers. Leeming â€Å"† (). She has no magical powers which show even further how she is not like a trickster. The trickster is almost always a supernatural figure. This category obviously denotes that a trickster has otherworldly abilities with which to influence outcomes. Penelope works entirely in the realm of her intelligence to bring about the results and tricks that she has concocted. This can make Penelope seem as being more skilled than a god who needs magic to bring about the outcome that he so desires. When compared to Penelope supernatural powers might be viewed as cheating.

Posters of the Second World War An Analysis

Posters of the Second World War An Analysis What was the impact of the posters from the Second World War?Why are they still popular? Introduction: For my dissertation I have chosen to look at the posters from the Second World War. The idea to look at these posters came from my own interest in the war, the 1940s and the propaganda posters. I wanted to look further into them; why they were created, and what for?, did the posters do anything to help people during the war? And how/ why they still remain so popular today? After researching the era, researching the posters and visiting various places I decided I wanted to look at how people acted upon these posters and how they all helped with the war effort. Life changed massively from the moment it was announced Britain was at war Everything was rationed from food to petrol, gas masks were issued, children had the option to be evacuated, men were going to war and women were working. Even though there was so much going on and your normal day to day life could change at any moment the government wanted to try and get people to work and live as normally as they possibly could. The government was issuing hundreds of posters; urging people to work for victory, reminding you to wear your gas masks, talk less, turn off the lights, walk to work, plant vegetable, health posters and so many more. I wanted to look into these posters and how they helped people throughout the war and if they did help at all. There was so many posters produced, some of the posters I wanted to look at are: Keep Calm and Carry on, Dig for Victory, Make do and mend, Dont do it, mother leave the children where they are and a few more. One of the many things of the war I have always found interesting and is something I wanted to look at within this dissertation is family life Evacuation and the make do and mend. Evacuation of the war was one of the greatest movement and decisions made by the government during the war over 3,500,000 children were taken away from their homes to avoid the bombings and move out to the country and smaller areas less likely to be attacked. The first big attack on London lasted up to 76 days and nights, thousands were killed, injured and made homeless: The homeless resulted to camping nearby and thousands of people slept on the platforms of the underground stations each night. The main places were evacuation was taking place were on large cities such as London, Manchester, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Southampton, Bristol and Glasgow. Even though evacuation was an optional thing to do the government tried to push it as much as possible so children were safe and out of the way. After a while n othing was happening and parents felt that their children had been sent away for no reason, the government produced hundred more posters to try and explain that this wasnt the case. I wanted to look more into these posters to find out when these posters started to go out to the public, what the reaction was and if they did work like they hoped. Chapter One: The Second World War Why were these posters produced? Did they do anything? Chapter Two: Keep Calm and Carry On Why has this poster become so iconic? Chapter Three: Imitations and Popularity Why are these posters still so popular? How have they been reused? Chapter One:The Second World War Why were the posters produced? Did they do anything? Before the war officially broke out the government tried everything to prepare Britain for what was to come. Posters were one of the main ways to get the message across to the general public, which means these posters would have been seen everywhere. So many posters were produced during the second world war informing the general public on everything; Appeals and instructions, Immunization against Diphtheria, preventing the spread of a common cold, women covering their hair in factories, Dig for Victory and so many more. The earliest poster produced by the Ministry of Information was your courage, Your Cheerfulness, Your resolution will bring us victory which was one of three in a series of posters produced in 1939. Evacuation:Evacuation began on 1st September 1939 inn major cities such as London, Manchester, Belfast and Liverpool. The government wanted the children out of the way before the attacks started, it was expected that the war would open with a massive aerial attack on British cities. The government designed came up with the idea to protect people in Britain but particularly children by moving them to areas thought to be less at risk. School children (827,000) and their teachers, Mothers with children under 5 (524,000), Pregnant women (12,000) were evacuated. There were many posters produced by the government for the idea of evacuation; Mothers send them out of London -even though evacuation was voluntary the government tried to urge women to register their children for evacuation to protect them from what was to come and they would be safer from the bombs in the country. Evacuees returned home January 1940; The period known as the Phoney War, no real danger was happening and a lot of people felt cheated that they had sent their children away for no visible reason. Efforts were made to persuade parents that it was their patriotic duty to send their children back to the country. With children returning home the Ministry of Health produced more posters warning mothers not to be tempted by Hitler and the non- events that have happened; DONT do it mother LEAVE THE CHILDREN WHERE THEY ARE. Many of the posters produced at this time for evacuation were talking to the mothers trying to persuade them to leave the children where they are where they are the safest. This particular poster is one of the most recognised; it portrays a mother and her two children with a ghostly figure of Hitler saying take them back! Take them back! Take them back!. The design of the poster is very simple with a hand drawn black and white image with the text being the main focus h ighlighted in red. The one downside to the evacuation at first was not everyone was keen to take the children in but for some they did go and live with family or family friends. It might be you! Caring for evacuees is a national service These posters were produced to remind people of their duty to help with the war efforts by taking in the homeless from the cities. Dig for VictoryRationing began 8th January 1940 just months after the Second World War broke out. The Dig for Victory campaign was set up during the Second World War by the Ministry of Agriculture; the idea was to encourage men and women to grow their own food to help with the war effort. Many open spaces were turned into allotments; a garden, public parks even the lawn outside the tower of London was turned into a vegetable patch. Before rationing and the Dig for Victory campaign was introduced Britain was reliant on the cheap imports of food from overseas; main suppliers were from Canada and America. Everyone had to help with the effort: Men, women and children everyone could do their bit whether it was looking after an allotment or growing vegetables in the garden or window box. The Dig for Victory campaign seemed to be successful with getting the help with the war effort message across. It became a part of childrens everyday school routine all children helped digging by going to the parks in the afternoon to dig up carrots, cabbages and potatoes. By 1943 there were over 1.4million allotments producing over a million tons of vegetables that year. Two very iconic posters are Your own vegetables all the year round if you dig for victory now and Dig for Victory they both have two very different designs with the same messages. Out of the both of these posters the most iconic and recognisable is the poster of the young boy with his back to you while his walks off to contribute to the war effort. This has such a basic design and colour pallet but with a clear Dig for Victory message. The other however is similar to the evacuation poster, the main focus of the poster is not meant to be the imagery but it is the text. This has been highlighted in yellow and black along with a large font to grab your attention. There were many posters produced for the Dig for Victory campaign and others by the Ministry of Health. The Ministry created cartoon characters such as Potato Pete and Doctor Carrot, the idea was to show how good these vegetables were for you. Slogans read: Im a protective food- says Potato Pete, Call me often and youll keep well Doctor Carrot. These adverts/ posters proved successful and were popular amongst children as they both had songs to go alongside them as well as recipe books for the parents. Dig for Victory, grow your own vegetables now, your own vegetables all the year roundif you DIG FOR VICTORY NOW! a lot of posters produced showed more women working than they did men at this time; As a lot of the men went to war it was the womens job to fill in and do the jobs the men had left behind. Rather than showing young women in elegant dresses, magazines and posters showed happy young women with pitch forks helping the war effort. Without these posters persuading and showing the women doing mens jobs (factory, farming, Mechanics) the jobs for women wouldnt have progressed like they have done and they would still be expected to be housewives. The Dig for Victory campaign proved to be one of the most successful from the Second World War. The idea of growing your own food didnt just stop straight after the war had ended, it continued for many years after and people are still doing it now. Both of these posters proved to be a huge success during the Second World War, the general public acted upon them and chose to do the right thing to help with the war effort. The posters changed the way the UK lived and worked for many years after and they still have an effect on what we do today. Chapter Two: Keep Calm and Carry On -Why has this poster become so iconic? The message Keep Calm and Carry on nowadays has been completely taken out of context and is seen everywhere; posters advertising events (pub quiz), used online (Memes Keep calm and go to Hogwarts), Companies are using the slogan and has appeared on Homeware and so much more. But why do people still love this message?The poster was originally produced by the Ministry of Information in 1939 after the outbreak of the Second World War. The Ministry of Information designed three morale boosting posters which were to be displayed across Britain. They read; Your Courage, Your Cheerfulness, Your Resolution will Bring us Victory, Freedom is in Peril, Defend it with all your might and Keep Calm and Carry On. Two out of the three posters were seen on public transport, in shop windows, on notice boards and many other places across Britain. The Ministry of Information produced hundreds of posters during the war to spread important messages. During the war the main way of reaching people was thro ugh billboards, public transport and in papers during the 1940s people werent trying to compete with television, internet and social media. The Keep Calm and Carry on poster was rediscovered in 2000 at Barter Books in Alnwick, Northumberland. The owner of the shop found the poster folded up at the bottom of a box of books. After the poster was found it was framed and hung in the shop It attracted so much interest that the owners began to produce and sell copies. Later this turned into more products and then soon after other people copied the keep calm and products with this slogan were seen everywhere. The plan for the Keep Calm poster was to only issue it on the invasion of Germany This didnt happen which meant the poster was never officially seen by the public. Over two-and-a-half-million copies were printed to be distributed across Britain. The Keep Calm poster is one of the many few during the war that wasnt telling people to go out and fight, dig for victory, made do and mend as well as careless talk. This particular poster was just a simple message telling people to remain calm during the situation and not to panic. The poster is now seen not only as a distillation of a crucial moment in Britishness, but also as an inspiring message from the past to the presentin a time of crisis Susannah Walker-Design Historian I agree with the previous statement, people admire many posters from the second world war for many reasons; some of the posters are still relatable, bring back memories and have stories to tell. However Keep Calm and Carry On it is one of the most well-known posters from the war which was never used. People nowadays still like this poster as it is a nostalgic memory from the war but when the series of posters were released people didnt like them; the people who saw the posters said they were patronising and divisive. The entire campaign produced by the Ministry of Information was completely scrapped just after four weeks. The posters they had printed were stored away and kept until April 1940, The majority of the posters were pulped as part of the governments idea to recycle paper so only a few copies survived. With its rising popularity over the years it has become one of the iconic images of the 21st century, not just from the original design but from everything that has come from this one image. The popularity of the poster spreads further than just Britain; it has been spotted in seaside town gift shops in America. When it reaches places like this the poster ends up losing its Britishness and becomes a very stereotypical thing about the country. Why is it hated? People like the original postern for how British it is as well as it having a sense of nostalgia and memories of the war as well as the message behind the poster; it is also hated by what has become of it and how it is constantly adapted online. Online was the first place where the poster began to go away from the original message; Keep Calm and Call Batman, Keep Calm and Hakuna Matata, Keep Calm and Eat a cupcake and so many more. Soon after the adapted versions were seen on mugs, notebooks, being used to advertise products People wanted to see the end of the poster after this. But why do we as a country still love and cling onto this poster?Realistically with the Keep calm and carry on poster people want to hate it (some do) and wish it would die of death like many other trends over the years, many people however secretly do like it.In the UK we are drawn instantly to anything baring the flag, Royal Family, Tea and all the normal stereotypical British things. It is the same with this poster; people are drawn to the Britishness of it and the calming yet nostalgic message. It is one of the many posters from the Second World War that at times can still relate to any issue going on in our country. It still spreads the same message to us now as it should have done then. Comparing the current government to the government then it would be difficult for them now to come up with a poster that has the same appeal to it powerful and simplicity might not be enough these days. Posters produced by the government now attempt to convince the public of a danger and get them to modify their behaviour; Keep Calm and Carry On tells you to think another way and continue acting as you have always acted. There would be attempts to create new and improved posters or even try and develop ones that already exist. If anything were ever happen to the United Kingdom like it did during the war, people would go back and dig out the old posters. They worked before, they will work again. Chapter Three:Imitations and Popularity Why are these posters still so popular? How have they been re-used? Many of the posters from the Second World War are always being imitated; if its to advertise new products of to promote a local event. These posters are always coming back around just designed in a different way; one of the easiest posters to re-produce is Keep Calm and Carry On. Keep Calm and Carry OnIn 2012 McFly promoted their tour called The Keep Calm and Play Louder tour the design of the poster was kept the same with the red background and the grown of King George but with the bands logo added to the image. Another company to use the Keep Calm was Nectar in 2010 to promote the loyalty card; Keep Calm and Carry One. The campaign was featured in over nine newspapers including; The Sun, Daily Mirror, Metro, The Times and The Telegraph. The design of the poster was kept similar to the original with the layout and text The background was the Nectar purple and in place of the crown was the nectar card. In 2012, Shepheard Neame released limited edition bottles; Keep Calm and Celebrate. The idea behind the bottle was to evoke on the country-wide pride during the summer of national celebration; London Olympics, Diamond Jubilee and Euro 2012 as well as to commemorate the Battle of Britain The bottles were only issued at large events. The design of the Keep Cal m was kept simple background changed to navy and in place of the crown was a spitfire. Ministry of FoodIt isnt just the posters that are always being imitated and reproduced, its even sayings and old campaigns. Back in 2008, Jamie Oliver released a book and TV series called Ministry of Food This has been taken from the food rationing system from the war.What was the Ministry of Food during world war two?During the Second World War the Ministry of food was more known as Minister of food and Minister of food control. The main task for the Minister of Food during the war was to oversee the rationing in the UK; originally the idea of rationing began as an experiment and for the ministry it worked surprisingly well. Rationing officially began in early January 1940 and was a major success of the Second World War. With the food supplies cut short because of Germanys actions and the needs of the services, rationing was an essential and by 1942 most foods were rationed. One issue the Minister of food had with the rationing was children they wanted to make sure that Britain wa s providing 650,000 children with free school meals and to guarantee them an adequate nutrition (for everyone not just the children). The minister of food released recipes to help people through the war to create simple and easy meals with the little food they had. Jamie Oliver TV program and book idea was an aim to try and recreate the success of the ministry of food and try and encourage healthy eating. From this program he set up four Ministry of food centres which were all offering the food he had been producing on the show. The title of the show is a play on the Ministry of food and Minister of food. Make do and mend Make do and mend isnt a poster that people are taking off but it is still something a lot of people do still follow. You could argue that we now live in a throw-away society when our clothes get stained or the seams of trousers show any wear we simply dispose of the item or rebuy them as clothing has become cheaper. There are however a lot of younger people who prefer to upcycle clothes or even make their own from rummaging through a charity shop. The Make do and mend campaign started when clothes rationing was introduced during the Second World War. The Ministry of information produced a pamphlet encouraging people to do whatever they could to extend the life of their clothes (a leaflet which is still reproduced and sold in some museum gift shops). The campaign played an important part in the daily life during world war two. The shortage of clothes was down to sinking ships coming into England as well as the clothing manufacturers were commissioned to manufacture uniforms as a priority. As clothing was now a shortage, in 1941 clothes rationing was introduced: people were given 66 coupons a year (which was later reduced) a womans blouse was 12 coupons, 11 coupons for a dress, 2 for socks/stockings, 8 for a mens shirt or trousers, 5 for womens shoes and 7 for men and extra coupons were given to children. As everything was being rationed clothes had to last a lot longer so people began to make new clothes from the old and from a ny other household linen. Nothing was thrown away, especially if it could be made into something else. A pamphlet was part of the campaign and was intended to provide housewives with useful tips and ideas on how to reuse old clothing. Readers were advised to create: decorative patches to cover holes on warn garments, unpick old jumpers to re-knit alternatives and turn mens clothing into womens. One of the hardest things for parents with the clothing ration was struggling to clothe their growing children Clothing Exchanges were set up by the womens voluntary service to help meet these parents needs. Parents could take clothes their children had outgrown and swap it for new clothes. Like I mentioned previously a lot of people do enjoy Sewing, knitting, crochet and making their own clothes and it is still a popular thing to do. I think that the make do a mend campaign is still applies now and people do still follow the ideas and information inside the pamphlet like people did then. Within this dissertation the one poster I wanted to look at more so than the others was Keep Calm and Carry On. It is the most overused poster from the 1940s and has slowly become one people cant stand. The meaning behind the poster has been lost and taken out of context, from the way it is used online through memes to the way companies are using it to advertise products. I have discovered that a lot of the hate towards the poster has come from online and how it became adapted and stepped away from the original message; Keep calm and go to Hogwarts, Keep calm and call the doctor, Keep calm and let it go and so many more. The adapted versions are seen everywhere. In conclusion to this I have found out that the posters from the Second World War will always have a strong impact on Britain There was throughout the war and they have had a similar impact for many years after. These posters will always remain popular; we are drawn to them regardless if it is the original posters or somethi ng that has been created from the original. Posters such as Dig for victory is still a poster that is followed today with people still growing their own vegetables, Make do and mend is another poster which is still followed with people still making their own garments from scraps and new fabrics. Bibliography: Waller, Maureen (2012) A family in wartime: How the Second World War shaped the live of a generation: ConwayPages: 10,16,20,47,72,121,125 Williams, Brenda (2006) The World at War World War II: The Homefront: Oxford Ross, Stewart (2007) At home in World War Two: Evacuation : Evans Brothers ltd First News and The Silverline (2016) Voices from the Second World War: Witnesses share their stories with the children of today: London Walker Books and Subsidiaries The Story of Keep Calm and Carry on (Uploaded: Barter Books 28th February 2012)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrHkKXFRbCI Dig for Victory (Uploaded: 20th March 2009) Imperial War Museum Collectionshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_Gs7Vik75k Poison gas and gas masks : Join me in the 1900 [online] www.1900s.org.uk/1940s-gas.htm Evacuation in World War Two (2013) [online] www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/war/evacuation1.html The Evacuated Children of the Second World War : Imperial War Museum [online]www.IWM.org.uk/history/the-evacuated-children-of-the-second-world-war Evacuation How it affected ordinary lives : Home sweet Home front (July 2011) [online]www.homesweethomefront.co.uk/web_pages/hshf_evacuees_pg.htm Dig for Victory: Home sweet Home front (July 2011) [online]www.homesweethomefront.co.uk/web_pages/hshf_dig_for_victory_pg.htm How Dig for Victory campaign helped win the war The Telegraph (April 2013) [online]www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/9996180/how-dig-for-victory-campaign-helped-win-the-war.html How to Dig for Victory : The Big World [online] www.thebigworld.co.uk/howtodigforvictory.htm#.V87xNgrLiu Keep Calm and Carry On [online] http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/keep_calm_and_carry_on Keep Calm and Carry on the sinister message behind the slogan that seduced the nationThe Guardian (January 2016) [online]https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/08/keep-calm-and-carry-on-posters-austerity-abiquity-sinister-implications Keep Calm and Carry On (2011) [online] www.knowyourmeme.com/memes/keep-calm-and-carry-on I am the keep calm and carry on man The Independent (April 2009) [online]www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/first-person-I-am-the-keep-calm-and-carry-on-man Keep calm and carry on -History [online] www.keepcalmandcarryon.com/history/ How long can the Keep calm trend carry on? The Independent (May 2015) [online]www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/how-long-can-the-keep-calm-trend-carry-on-8627557.html The Greatest motivational poster ever? BBC News (February 2009) [online] news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7869458.stm Nectar ad plays on wartime poster for new era of post-budget austerity -The Guardian (June 2010) [online] http://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/Jun/22-nectar-loyalty-card-advert-keep-calm Make do and mend Victory living (2010) [online] www.victoryliving.co.uk/make-do-and-mend Make do and mend -1943 -British Library [online] www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106365.html 8 facts about clothes rationing in Britain during the Second World War -Imperial War Museum [online] www.iwm.org.uk/history/8-facts-about-clothes-rationing-in-britain-during-the-second-world-war Minister of food Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/minister_of_food_(united_kingdom) Shepherd Neame produces limited edition spitfire bottle for 2012 events Big Hospitality (march 2012) [online]www.bighospitality.co.uk/new_products/shepherd_neame_produces_limited_edition_spitfire_bottle_for_2012_events

Market audit and competitive analysis

Market audit and competitive analysis play a vital role in to any business. When consider about the market in Malaysia; they are mainly import electrical and electronic products from America,Singapore,Europe,china and Japan and also they import some products as machinery,iron,steel and also chemical. It shows that they are well developed country and also very dynamic. Because above countries are famous for the quality branded products. Since this is a very energetic country, lifestyle changes could lead to boost the demand for the readymade foods and health foods and always they are rich with tropical and agricultural possessions. Diverse cultures in Malaysian society would be another reason. There are 94 different types of cultures. Mainly there is Malay, Chinese, and Indian has intriguing range of processed food with an Asian bend. Since today people improve their awareness towards the nutrition foods in view of the fact that healthcare processed by cereals, fresh foods and other sea foods Malaysian also do the same. According to the details provided by Ministry of International Trade and Industry Malaysia, Manufacture of snacks getting decreased by 7.5% and rice milling increased by 7.7% and Manufacture of condensed, powdered, evaporated milk increased by 11.9%.that shows that how people connected with easy foods.(Appendix _1) But according to the sales of selected processed food and beverage products table published by Ministry of International Trade and Industry Malaysia, shows purchasing frequent of snacks improved by 38.6% and it shows that how they are prefer fast foods. (Appendix_2) According to the appendix_1 appendix_2 tables show production has gone down and purchasing has got increased, there is a gap which has occurred due to this reason. Accordingly there is a greater chance to set up our product line; Munchees Nutriplus in Malaysian market. Because the demand for snacks in Malaysia has increased while the supply decreasing. So that would be an opportunity for us. Our product could able to fill the gap in the market. Through this market audit we will illustrate the food market of Malaysia. The geographical location how the free market economy effect to the food products in Malaysia. http://sundaytimes.lk/090927/FinancialTimes/ft15.html http://www.muncheelk.com/home.php http://sundaytimes.lk/090927/FinancialTimes/ft15.html http://www.muncheelk.com/home.php Describe the market (s) in which the product is to be sold According to our research we have found that Malaysia also engaged in international trade. Because of this free trade concept Malaysia also globalized; there are many number of competitive products which are come from all over the world. Since our main target market is highly busy working crowd we better prepare to export our product to urban areas such as Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, and Penang Selangor. (City population; n.d.) 1. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION (S) Geographical characteristics would be another concern by the marketer since it helps to evaluate countrys market potential. Malaysia is a one biggest country in the world an area of 329758 sq km. Land size is 328,558 sq km.and water 1200 sq km.malaysia is a country which is located in south eastern asia in between 2Â °-7Â ° degrees and in the north part of the equator, peninsula is a separate part and Sabah, Sarawak states are situated on the Boneo Island. Thailand is northern neighbor while southern neighbor is Singapore. Its area geographically 230Â ° N and 11230Â ° E. the capital city of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur.It is a multi ethnic country and population is over 22 million. http://www.123independenceday.com/malaysia/geography.html CLIMATE: malaysia is a country which is verymuch close to the equator,because of that all over the year it has Tropical weather with warm climate. Temperature of the malaysia is in between 21 Â °C 32Â °C.it is an average temperature of 27Â ° C. Rainfall vary from 2000mm to 2500mm in annually with thunder and lightning.all the time there are cloudy climate in most of the cities. http://www.123independenceday.com/malaysia/geography.html CULTURE: In malaysia there is a very friendly,warm and hospitable culture of its people.it has a combined population of over 22 million ;they are Malay 59%,other indigenous 32% chinese Indian 9%.because of this cultural multiplicity many external parties interact towards the Malaysia.malaysia is located in between the middle of the indian ocean and south china.therfore it has been considered as a meeting point for traders and travellers and at the same time as multicultural and multinational country.that would be the reson for the main evolution of the socio cultural activities,traditions,dressings,languages and foods. Since our product is vege product,we dont much consider about it.That would be a greater opportunity for our product since Muslims prefer Halal foods and malaysian prefer fast foods. LANGUAGES: When consider about the languages Malay is the official language and more than 59% used to talk by Malay. Since English is an international language Malaysian people widely spoken English in business arena and English subject is compulsory in all schools too. And there are many languages such as Chinese, Tamil, mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, and several tribal lingoes. So in the product packaging we should use both Malay and English languages when we put instructions. Because Malay is the official language and English is an international and widely spoken language in Malaysia. RELIGION: Once reflect on religion; all primary Malays are Muslims. So Islam is considered as the official religious conviction but anybody can accomplish any other religion generously. And also there are religions like Buddism, Hindu, Christianity, Confucianism, Taoism and tribal religions. When launch the new product to the market religion affects a lot more, especially for the Muslims they are using Halal foods. But since this product contents cereals it wont be an issue. MAJOR HOLIDAYS: Knowing major holidays is another important subject when company goes to launch a product to the new country.because those holidays could be effect to the business since if we unable to manage them;according to the market audit followings are the major holidays in malaysia. New Years Day January 1 National Holiday Chinese New Year January 24 25 -National Holiday Federal Territory Day February 1 KL Labuan only Labour Day May 1 National holidays Wesak Day -May National holidays Kings Birthday June 2 National Day August 31 National holidays Deepavali November 14 Except Sarawak Labuan Hari Raya Aidil Fitri December 16 17 National holidays Christmas -December 25 National holidays It is very much vital for us to knowing about these holidays;because when we aware about the holidays we can have power over the issues which could be happened.especially since this is a food product we have to much more aware about this since it could be expire.and also another chance which could occur on behalf of is;we can offer special promotions such as budget packets,gifts and many more for the special occasions such as New year,chinese new year,deepavali and christmas. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS: regulatory inventory CURRENCY: Malaysian currency is known as Ringgit and it indicated as RM BANKINGHOURS: Most states: Mon-Fri: 9.30am-4.00pm Sat: 9.30am-11.30am Sun: closed Kedah, Kelantan Terengganu: Sat-Wed: 9.30am-4.00pm Thur: 9.30am 11.30am Fri: closed. POST OFFICES: Open from 8.00am to 5.00pm daily except Sundays and public holidays. In Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu post offices are closed on Fridays and public holidays. TIME : Eight hours ahead of GMT and 16 hours ahead of U.S. Pacific Standard Time. ELECTRICITY: Voltage is 220 240 volts A C at 50 cycles per second. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: Malaysia follows the metric system in weights and measures. TELEPHONES: Local calls can be made from public phones using coins or pre-paid cards. International calls can be made from public phones with card phone facilities or at any Telekom offices. http://www.123independenceday.com/malaysia/geography.html LAND TOPOGRAPHY: (shan) Malaysia is a country of spectacular beauty to show off with staggering sights of hills, lush greens forests, and rhythmic rivers. The peninsula is divided into Eastern and western parts by the Banjaran Titiwangsa or the Main Range goes through Malaysia-Thai border in the north to the southern state of Negeri Sembilan. Tallest mountain in state of Pahang is Gunung Tahan which has a height of 2,187m. There are many other mountains in Malaysia, such as Mount Gunung Jerai in Kedah, Bukit Larut in Perak and the fabled Gunung Ledang (Mount Ophir) which is located in the Melaka-Johor border. Crocker Range is considered as one of main highlands of Sabah which has a height of 457- 914m and it holds three top highest mountains of Malaysia, namely; Mount Kinabalu (4,101m), Gunung Trus Madi (2,597m) and Gunung Tambuyukon (2,579m). Sarawaks tallest mountains are Gunung Murud (2,425m) and Gunung Mulu (2,371m) and it also encompasses the worlds largest natural cave system. In addition, Sungai Rejang (563km) finds its way through Sarawak and it is the longest river. The river can be used to transportation up to Kapit, 100km upstream with small coastal steamers. Malaysia proudly placed as one of the prominent countries to have forest-covered hills in the Asia Pacific region. Malaysian geography presents a terrain which is highly enriched with resources and biological diversity. http://www.123independenceday.com/malaysia/geography.html DOS DONTS: When we select Malaysia for our market development program we should scrutinize local customs and practices. Especially we should be concerned about the common courtesies and customs to be close to them and make them feel that this is our product and matching with our cultural practices. Because culture is helps to peoples heart touching. Thats the most viable manner which helps to lucrative of the business.malaysia has a low-contest culture; so they are much more consider about the personal associations beyond the business.malaysians are highly diversified from religion as well as ethnically.malaysians are more lean to wear professionally and yellow color is considered as a royal color. Bribery is consider as a critical crime by foreign public officials. http://www.2malaysia.com/info.htm NATURAL HAZARDS: The Most of the times Malaysians are faced by the many natural disasters such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, typhoons and forest fires. So since we decided to launch our product to Malaysia we should aware about this kind of natural calamities which could happen since it effects to the business and also for the distribution channels, packaging, exporting and all those kind of steps. http://www.123independenceday.com/malaysia/geography.html 2. Forms of transportation and communication available in that region TRANSPORTATION: RANSPORTATION As a well developed country Malaysia is provided by an admirable transport system. There is transport accessible even remote areas .Kuala Lumpur, its capital is considered as the main transportation hub. It is powerfully established for buses, taxis, trains, electronic trains, which served as public transportation. And also there are many ferry and boat services all around the country. Our product deliveries to the respective local markets can be transported through the boat services. Malaysia has its own career; Malaysian airlines. Every flights arrive and depart at Kuala Lumpur international airport located at Sepang also there are flights connecting with most major cities and also to Sabah Sarawak. There are old international airport in Subang namely the Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah airport now it caters just for the domestic air services. Other major international airports are Penang, Kuching, Kota Kinabalu and Langkawi. Buses are economical way to travel in Malaysia. There are air-conditioned buses as well as non air conditioned buses. So when we distribute our product to the rural areas we can get support from this interstate bus service. Malaysian railways attach with all main cities in the peninsular There are many numbers of ports of entry in to Malaysia. Ports are located in Penang, Port Klang, Kuantan, and Kuching Koto Kinebalu.Since there are many number of ports available we suppose to export our products through shipping lines. Since it is the easiest way to And also there are sea Cruises available from Ports in between Selanger Kuantan and Sabah Sarawak. When delivering our products to Malaysia; there are two possible modes of transportation that can be utilized. Air transportation is fast but expensive. Maritime transportation is relatively slow however cost effective. For normal product deliveries maritime transportation is the best transportation solution existing the market. However air transportation can be an efficient means of getting product deliveries to manage emergency stock-outs and unexpected demand teaks. http://www.2malaysia.com/transport.htm COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: Malaysian communication is enhanced with advanced technology.therefore we can have this opportunity to make the consumer of our product by using this advantage in malaysian market. 3. Consumer buying habits http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/retail-consumer/pdf/malaysia.pdf Product use patterns In our inspection towards the Munchees Nutri-plus product line in the Malaysian market; we are find some information about that how the product like Snack use in Malaysian market? What are the potential markets for our product? And also what are the product use patterns in this specific country? As we got to know because of this busy life style Malaysian people have increased the consumption of fast foods. Especially they prefer nutria-snacks since they are highly concerned about their health. It is a golden opportunity for us to been their because their demand is increasing for this kind of products. According to the surveys it found that Malaysian people have spent more on fresh foods and fruits. So again it is a greater chance for us since we have many different favors with our product. Since those people are highly busy with their work they can immediately consumed our product as refreshment or as a breakfast and also with milk or without milk. The Malaysian consumer eating pattern consist more fat and cholesterol since they prefer to eat rice and meat. Our products are nutritional and healthy with low elements of cholesterol and fats therefore a successful penetration in to the middle income market segmentation will enable us to export our market potential. Further Malaysian consumers are shifting to buy organic and healthy product.Therefor e our product which contain the said elements will have a considerable period of product life cycle. 2005/2006 from Beijing to Budapest winning brands Product feature preferences Product feature preferences may vary from market to market. Since this is a small packet it would be preferred by everyone; since it wont be a price matter a lot. In 2007 onwards it was a major trend in Malaysia to focus on the health conscious products. So when they purchasing a product they mainly concern about the quality and the healthier products. So it is another identified opportunity for our product; munchee nutri-plus product line. It is manufactured by using cereals such as soya beens, rice and etc which helps to increase the nutritious. And also Malaysian people have a great desire for new flavours. Again it could be an opportunity. Since our munchee nutri-plus have different flavours. Because of this innovative people in Malaysian food market; our snack would be able to match with Malaysians products preferences. It has a unique milky taste as well as it looks delitious.because of this taste not only the working crowd but also children would prefer this product. Not only that Malaysian consumer becoming more knowledgeable. When they are purchasing a product they mainly price conscious and brand and quality sensitive. Because of this we would be able to market our quality product at a competitive price. They are not easily influenced by the advertisements. And also they consider about the service they receive before the purchasing as well as after sales. According to the findings it does not consists any social or investment risk since this is a nutritional food. As ACNielsen said, 90% of consumers take purchase decisions by considering strong brands name and also 75% retain with the same brands because of the customers loyalty. 2005/2006 from Beijing to Budapest winning brands Shopping habits An understanding of the shopping habits of Malaysians is important to determine the market viability for our products. The economic growth of the country has vastly increased the purchased power of the Malaysian customers. The standard of living and per capita income of Malaysians are high our targeted customer will mainly do their shopping in retail stores, super markets and shopping malls though still village side people purchase from traditional groceries and mini-marts .because of the globalization Malaysians are becoming more complicated. This could be occurring because of the education levels and changing lifestyles of the Malaysian consumers. Because of this multi ethnicity Malaysians have demand towards the foreign products as well. Though this is an Asian country rather than other Asian countries Malaysian males as well as females both of them are do the buying. Since consumers always waiting at the queue near the cashier to paying bills it is common manner to tackle the customers by keeping those products near to the cashier. 4. Distribution of the product We intended to undertake a distribution in a limited area since our products are in the initial stages of the product life cycle. Our market research activities have revealed that most Malaysians prefer to buy their requirements in super markets. Because they want to save time which will spend here and there by having wide range of goods is available under one roof. We decided to distribute our product to retail outlets through middlemen in Malaysia. Because they know about country, customs, values, and other regulatory which need when doing a business? And also he would be able to make close relationships with the country people as well. Typical Retail Outlets Therefore our main distribution channel will be through the major super markets,speciality stores and drug stores in the cities of Malaysia; specially in Kuala lumpur,Putrajaya,Penang,Selangor other main cities because Malaysian people used to purchase this kind of products from these places. Sales of these Munchee Nutri-plus cereal snack bars at super markets will help us to maintain competitive stance and also it will help us to stop share losses as well. In super markets for sales people there are sales target; when they achieve those sales targets they will receive some fridge benefits. So that would be a opportunity for our product when we do our sales through super markets. Because those sale s targets will drives increased our product sales as well. We have chosen drug stores to sell this product is because they can recommend our product to the consumers as a healthy and wellness product and again it will help to increase the sales. Product sales by other middlemen We can utilise a distribution channel as a middleman before we settle down in the Malaysian food market. Middleman is a very strongest character when it comes to here, because they can make very strong relationships with their retailers as well as they are know everything about the country as well as the business arena and also social and business etiquettes as well. And also our company would able to keep knowing everything about the market, competitor brands, specialities of them and also such kind of things through the middleman. 5. Advertising promotion Our target market consists of mainly middle income earners, children and adults. Advertising media usually used to reach your target markets we have selected TVs and news papers as best form of advertising RIM and TV1 which telecast their programs in Malay language and TV2 which telecast in Malay, Chinese, English and Tamil.TV advertising is more convenience since our products can be displayed and the product awareness will be increased and could be reached on large number of potential customers at low cost. News paper advertisements will also be undertaken in Malay, English and Tamil languages. Our sales promotion activities will include .exhibitions shopping centre of sports events. We suppose to advertise our product through accurate and honest promotions; as a energy boost snacks for targeting sportive kids who wants to grown up fast, and also wish to stress on the taste appeal which would match with both kids and adults. And also we wish to motivate the people who are interesting with healthy eating and to the people who are overweight. And also we decided to set some bill boards in Kuala Lumpur; capital since their accessibility is high. Sales promotions customarily used (sampling, coupons etc) There is considerable competition for our products in malasia.Therefore we have to use both the pull and push promotional strategies to stabilize the market. Pull strategy is implemented to attract customers towards purchasing our products through advertising companies. Push strategy is carried out to encourage the retailers to buy and distribute our products to the ultimate customers. This is done through offering trade discounts to the retails. Internet marketing would be another major opportunity since their technology is high and people are educated. 6. Pricing strategy The prices of our products should be reasonable and affordable for the Malaysian consumers to buy. The present consumers are highly price concerned. They expect value from the product for the price they pay. The prime motive of our pricing strategies is to achieve the following. To attract the target market at the correct time. This will increase the stock turnover rate and the profitability in our Malaysian market expansion. To have justifiable return on capital employed to continue our business activities in Malaysia. Our products are new to the Malaysian food market. Therefore we will implement a penetrating pricing strategy at the initial stages. Once the market is stabilized we will introduce premium pricing. This is important to position our products amongst the Malaysian customers as quality products. Customary mark-ups We should consider the import control regulations in Malaysia before a final mark up for our products. The Malaysian international market is liberalized tax system on food products. We will take these into consideration before fixing a final markup for our products in Malaysia. Types of discounts available Malaysian retails sell food items from many producers. So we will offer bulk purchasing discounts to retailers who buy our products in large quantities to attract them. At a rate of 2% .In addition we will offer at 2% cash discounts for the retailers who settle their dues to us within 14 days. Compare and contrast Nutri snacks from Ceylon biscuits manufactures LTD and the competitor products. B.Compare contrast munchees nutriplus product with the competitors products Competitors products A. Brand name There are many competitors for our products in Malaysia but the main competitor is the nestle PlC.This is a large multinational farm which sustain competition in U.S.A and other European and Asian food Market. b.features The nestle nutri product provide nutrition and flavors tastes to the consumers. They have already established brand loyalty in Malaysia especially amongst the school going children and the youth. Therefore we should take steps to penetrate into the competitive Malaysian food market .Further the cost of production for Nestle will be low due to economies of scale. Therefore we will be highly concerned and minimize our cost of production in order to have competitive pricing for our products in Malaysia. c.package We should clearly differentiate our products from those of the competitors in the Malaysian market. It should be easy for the customers to identify our products. We will use alternative colors in our packaging, especial Red since most Malaysian consider red as a symbol of strength. The names of Ceylon biscuits manufacture will be printed in bold letters in pink and blue. The word Halal will be pointed in large bold letters our packages will include the brand name on Malay basher, English, Chinese and Tamil.

Sherman’s Stab at South Carolina Essay -- Civil War, Trading Ports

â€Å"South Carolina had succeeded! It had left the Union by vote of its convention at Charleston on the twentieth.†(Lewis 137). To many people this was a shock for South Carolina to be the first state to succeed from the union. To General William Sherman he was devastated as Lewis depicts Sherman Pacing the floor as he was saddened by this tragic news, and in pacing until it became almost an omen to his future march (Lewis 138). As The Civil War came close to an end, the union had come up with a brilliant plan to end it all with just one devastating plan. To trek through the southern states burning and destroying everything in sight so to devastate the southern states and make a surrender inevitable. General William Sherman’s march devastated all the southern states, but affected South Carolina more than any other southern state. With the march through the south General Sherman’s troops destroyed everything in sight. The heart break General William Sherman remem bered at the beginning of the war was still fresh to him, because of this he left South Carolina with nothing to hold onto as a state. As reported in Civil War Battle Guide â€Å"Sherman specifically targeted South Carolina, the first state to secede† (Houghton). South Carolina having a striving economies before the war began one of the leading slave trade states and agricultural trade states General Williams Sherman’s march hit the hearts of the South Carolina people all because of the state making a decision to rebel against the union. Not only would South Carolina be effected negatively but would find themselves searching for a new beginning after the war. No other state would find themselves with as much of a loss as the State of South Carolina just because Sherman struck the m... ...Findling. What Happened? : An Encyclopedia Of Events That Changed America Forever. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011.eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs. Bentonville : The Final Battle Of Sherman And Johnston. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 18 Nov. 2013. Marszalek, John F. Sherman : A Soldier's Passion For Order. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Wright, John D. The Language Of The Civil War. Westport, Conn: Oryx Press, 2001. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 23 Nov. 2013. Sebesta, Edward H., and James W. Loewen. The Confederate And Neo-Confederate Reader : The 'Great Truth' About The 'Lost Cause'. Jackson, Miss: University Press of Mississippi, 2010.eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 21 Nov. 2013.

Comparison of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Comparison of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn were both characters created by Mark Twain. Tom Sawyer is the main character in the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn is the main character in the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer were alike in many ways but they were also very different. One way in which Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer are alike is that they are both very brave. In the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck and Jim see a steamboat that had wrecked on the rocks and decide to check it out. Huck thinks that there will be lots of things on the wrecked boat for them to filch. Jim was a little nervous about infringing but Huck said that if Tom were there, he would have gone. Once they were on the boat they saw a fight. Huck was scared but he knew that if Tom were there he wouldn’t back out, so Huck wasn’t going to either. Another way that Tom and Huck are alike is that they are both always getting themselves into trouble. It seems that where ever they go, trouble follows them. They are also both interlopers and very fractious. Both of the boys are also very erudite (smart). In the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck tricked the two men with guns out of finding Jim. He told the two men that it was his father back on the raft. When they said that they were going to go see for themselves Huck replied, â€Å" ...

Hamlet as Antihero in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet as Antihero      Ã‚  Ã‚  By literary definition, an antihero is the "hero" of the play or novel, but has negative attributes that separate him or her from the classic hero such as Superman. Such negative aspects may include a violent nature, use of coarse language, or self-serving interests which may inadvertently depict the protagonist as a hero since the result of serving those interests may be the betterment of society or an environment. In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the protagonist, Hamlet, is depicted as an antihero.    One factor contributing to Hamlet’s status as antihero is that he draws sympathy, as well as admiration, from the reader since Hamlet feels the pain of losing his father along with the burden and obstacles in avenging his murder.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Act four places a special emphasis on Hamlet's intelligence. In scene two, Hamlet is very insolent and rude towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with such phrases as,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "That I can keep your counsel and not, mine own. Beside, to be demanded of a sponge, what replication should be made by the son of a king" (IV, ii, 12-14)? The reference to the sponge reflects the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are easily ordered by the king and do not have minds of their own. Hamlet does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern since they are servants of the Claudius, Hamlet's mortal enemy. The reader does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern either which causes the reader to side with Hamlet.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another incident of Hamlet's high intelligence is shown when he Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, "I am glad of it: a knavish sleeps in a foolish ear" (IV, i, 24-25).   This statement leaves Rosencrantz and Guildenstern more or less confused.    Hamlet is clearly more clever than the two of them combined and is able to toy with them. Hamlet has an excellent command of the language and because of it, can use words to the point that those around him will not understand and may label him as crazy.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet shows another example of his cleverness, this time towards Claudius, when he says, "I see a cherub that sees them. But, come; for England! Farewell, dear mother" (IV, iii, 49-50). The cherub, or the angel, gives Hamlet a sense of superiority over Claudius. Having an angel at one's side would be a definite sign of power, which is exactly what Hamlet tries to maintain over Claudius in their constant power struggle.