Grade Retention for Struggling Students Essay Example for Free

Grade Retention for Struggling Students EssayThe use of ABA principles and techniques to treat people with Autism live skilful and productive lives has grown quickly in recent years. According to information provided by the Autism Organization, ABA is utilise tout ensemble(a) over the world and is recognized as a safe and personnelive treatment. http//www.autismspeaks.org/whatisit/index.php thither induce been galore(postnominal) studies d iodineness in a variety of settings all examining effects of ABA methods on social fashions. Donald Baer realisedd the archetypal promulgated atomic number 18na on ABA in 1968 and there was an opposite study by O. Ivar Lovaas do in 1987. These studies both took a look at using sort modification interventions on Autistic children. The appraisal was to use proterozoic intervention to school alternate, socially distract behaviors. In the study by Lovaas, subjects were depute to one of two view as groups, one that real 40 hou rs per week of one-to-one treatment, and the other 10 hours or less. Both treatment groups bugger offd treatment for at least two years.The follow up indicated the groups that received the additional treatment did much better in achieving normal intellectual and educational military operation (Lovaas, 1987). Much of the data I reviewed revealed great success in implementing applied behavior analysis in treating Autistic children in replacing or reduce inappropriate behaviors. According to some reports, ABA is considered by many researchers to be the most effective therapeutic approach in treating children with Autism, except in order for the plan to be effective, both parents, educators, and other care providers penury to be trained (http//autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-aba). How effective is ABA in reducing aggressive behaviors in Autistic assimilators? thithers actually quite a bit of sake in ABA, an increase in demand for the service, and several universities across the United States are involved in studies on the use of ABA.In a THE FIVE WS OF pagan miscellanea 4 paper published righteous a decade ago, Tris Smith carefully studied outcome investigations of ABA programs and effect convincing evidence that ABA treatment programs fall in increased adaptive behavior and reduced inappropriate behavior. He also mentioned that this program may raise IQ and other standardized dozens, and even reducing the need for special services. Mr. Smith invoke research is needed to confirm results on IQ and examine scores (Smith, 1999). The organization, Autism Speaks, has grown into the nations largest autism science and advocacy organization, dedicated to funding research into the causes, prevention, treatments and a cure for autism increasing sentience of autism spectrum disorders.With several medical professionals with field experience in Autism and behavior intervention programs, they support the use of ABA with children of all ages, with and without disabilities, in many different settings (Green G, Brennan L., and Fein, D. 2002) Several studies gravel been done on the effectiveness of ABA. My particular absorb is entrust ABA work with aggressive behavior in Autistic students and I found no study that tar moderniseed aggression specifically but targeted social behaviors in general. There is a gap in the literary works because I found no study that centralizeed specifically on aggressive behavior and provided the data to support that. I will use the data from the student records at my school to fill in the gap.Reviewing the LiteratureABA is using what we know about behavior to bring about change to increase or decrease a particular behavior, to improve the quality of a behavior, to stop an old behavior, or nurture a new. The number of children being diagnosed with Autism Disorder each year has increased signifi tail endtly over the knightly decade. These students social behaviors are affected in variousTHE FIVE WS OF cultural DIVERSITY 5 degrees from mild social awkwardness to extreme physical aggression towards themselves and others. Its super authoritative to find successful interventions which can help autistic students improve these socially significant behaviors which include Reading, Academics, accessible skills, communication, and adaptive living skills. Keep in mind that adaptive living skills include things like all right and gross motor skills, eating and food preparation, toileting, dressing, personal self care, money and value, and the list goes on but these skills are detrimental to these students future success, not only in school, but in life.I will be using pre-existing data on students who have attended the school where I work. These student s have moved on but their records are still assessable. I will have to use fictitious names and delete personal information due to privacy. My plan is to use the correlational research method. I will gather the data from my students as well as looking at studies recorded at the Cambridge Center for expression Studies, The New Jersey Education Association, and a study published by McEachin S.J., Smith, T., and Lovaas, O.I. in the American ledger of Mental Retardation.TheoryThe theory behind ABA is that you can teach children with autism, as well as others, appropriate social behaviors with simplified instructional steps and consistent reinforcement. There are actually a number of techniques that follow the ABA principal. I suggest that we can use the said(prenominal) approach to reduce aggressive behaviors.Studies directly relatedI did find studies related to my principal of what effect ABA has on aggressive behavior in Autistic students, even though aggression was not the focus of the study. These studies both used the same ABA principles but with some differences in technique. O. Ivar Lovaas was THE FIVE WS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY 6 interested in ABA and wanted to see if it was effectiv e in treating children with Autism. some autistic children show minimal emotional attachment, absent or abnormal speech, retarded 1Q, ritualistic behaviors, aggression, and self-injury. The prognosis is rattling poor, and medical therapies have not proven effective. (Lovaas, 1987) He wrote a detailed article about a study and provided a close look at how the study was conducted.In this study, intensive ABA treatment was provided to one dominate group of autistic children under the age of 4, but minimal treatment was provided to the other control group. A variety of ABA techniques were used to try and reduce self stimulatory and aggressive behaviors, building compliance to literal requests, teaching imitation, and to begin teaching appropriate toy go in the offshoot year. The study move to address significant behaviors over a period of time. When the study was completed, a follow up judgment was conducted and the control group that received the intense treatment had better sc ores on their IQ tests had higher(prenominal) educational placement, with 47% of them completing normal low gear grade in a public first grade. Ann M. Baer, Trudylee Rowbury, Donald M. Baer did a similar study that uses a variation of an ABA. The subjects used in this study were not just Autistic but all students had behavior problems.These students were between the ages of 4 and 6. The study examined the possibility of instructional control over extremely non-compliant children. In this study, a token reward system was used to reinforce appropriate behaviors. The classroom was divided into two sections, one for pre-academic tasks where tokens can be earned, and the other section was a play area where students could exchange their tokens for free time. The students were allowed to choose the task they complete but earned much points or tokens for completing a task the teacher suggest. As a students compliance increases, time outs were introduced. When THE FIVE WS OF CULTURAL DIVER SITY 7 this happened, compliance increased significantly. This study demonstrated two procedures that can be effective in increasing childrens compliance but keep in mind there are many variables that come into play. (Baer, Rowbury, Baer)Studies tangentially relatedAll the studies I found were relevant to my question and were also based on the question of whether or not ABA methods were effective in improving behavior. systemThe subjects in this study were students at my school. There were 9 total, 8 males and 1 female. Each of these students had been diagnosed with Autism. zero(prenominal)e of these students had received any type of behavior intervention prior to this study. The students were tracked for three months prior to receiving treatment (the first 3 months of school). We were measuring the number of aggressive behavior episodes each school day. After recording incidents in the students for 3 months, ABA treatment on all 9 students began.The treatment was provided at schoo l by a teacher who was also a certified behavior specialist. The treatment began the 1st of December and we began measuring the behavior incidents two weeks afterwards treatment started. Aggressive behavior was expound as behavior that causes, or is intend to cause pain, harm, or damage to oneself, to another person, or to property. Aggressive behavior can be described as mental, verbal, or physical. Inappropriate behavior is when the student is not following rules, is loud or unruly, disruptive, offensive, refusing to complete work, not listening, not cooperating with authority figures, etc.ResultsThe design I used was a One-Group Pretest-Posttest. I used a single group and measured THE FIVE WS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY 8 them before and after they received applied behavior analysis treatment. I used the T test and paired two samples for means and the results indicated a t statistic of 5.199 and a p value of .0004 which is less than 0.05. There is a significant difference between the two means. So what does all this mean to me and my research? It appears as though applying applied behavior analysis techniques may have a positive effect on reducing aggressive behaviors in students with Autism. Of course, there are many factors that can also affect the results much(prenominal) as whether or not students care providers receive in habitation cookery, what kind of training have the teachers had, and how many hours of treatment is each student receiving?The research Ive done so far did suggest that by providing intense treatment over long periods of time, by ensuring that all care providers and teachers working with the students are highly trained, and these techniques are used consistently and appropriately, the number of behavior incidents will decrease significantly. As I was reading all the literature about ABA and how important it is for individuals implementing these techniques to receive specialized training, and how intense the training should be in order to achieve the optimal results, I became more interested. As I was recording the results after the treatment and in some students I saw really big changes, but in other students the changes were minimal. I also knew that some students care providers had received in-home training while others had not so I was not really surprised by the results. My data analysis findings are pretty much what I expected in some ways but surprising in others.DiscussionBoth studies done by Lovaas, and several others related to using ABA techniques for behavior intervention therapy, had more control over the variables. In the study done at my school, we did THE FIVE WS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY 9 not get to select our subjects based on any specific criteria other than their diagnosis of Autism and no antecedently recorded ABA treatments were received by the subject prior to our study. Many experts believe that parents and other care providers should receive intense training on ABA techniques in order for the treatment to help. Lovaas devoted an entire study on the importance of parental factors in the success of treatment. He noted that the role parents play is crucial in determining how much progress a child makes. I noticed in our study, the students who had a more significant change in the number of behavior incidents after treatment, also received in home training/treatment. Our district offered in home training to parents as well as treatment. Most of the parents refused the training.Ive been working with the Autistic students this year and I noticed that at the beginning of the school year, they all have a lot of difficulty, and many have several behavior incidents. Autistic students need lots of organize and routine. As the students get settled into the routine of being in school, they get used to their new environment, and transitioning roughly campus, the incidents for most students decrease, even without a certified behavior therapist on site. Its the more strict students who continue to show the least amount of progress. In Lovaass study, he began treatment very early in the childs life. Even with the child find program, many times, we dont get to start any type of behavior intervention until 5 or 6 years of age. Many behaviors are already in place by then.Most of my students came from single parent homes, and more than one child with a disability in the home. Most of our parents had little education and even less training on how to help a child with Autism. There are new studies being done every day in this area. I look forward to finding easier ways to teach these students.It is very challenging, frustrating, and extremely exhausting, but since the number of people being diagnosed in the Autism spectrum is growing THE FIVE WS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY 10 Baer, D.M., and Wolf, M.W., Some still current dimensions of Applied style Analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1987, 209, 313-327 Baer, A. M., Rowbury, T., and Baer, D. M. The development of instructional control over classroom activities of deviant preschool children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1973, 61, 289-298 Green, G., Brennan, L., and Fein, D. intensifier behavioral treatment for a toddler at high risk for autism. Behavior Modification, Vol. 26 No. 1, January 2002, 69-102Koegel, R. L., Russo D. C., and Rincover A., Assessing and Training Teachers in the Generalized use of Behavior Modification with Autistic Children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1977, 10, 197-205 Lovaas, O. I., Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1987, Vol 55, No. 1, 3-9 Lovaas, O. I., Koegel, R. L., Simmons, J. Q., and Stevens, J. Some generalization and follow up measures on autistic children in behavior therapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, (in press) Smith T. (1999). Outcome of early intervention for children with autism. Clinical Psychology query a nd practice, 6, 33-49